Aim & Shoot - Revision history

Staffan Björk at 10:03, 13 May 2022

2022-05-13T10:03:58Z

Staffan Björk: /* Relations */

2015-07-29T18:21:08Z

‎Relations

Staffan Björk: /* Consequences */

2015-01-15T12:51:29Z

‎Consequences

Staffan Björk at 12:51, 15 January 2015

2015-01-15T12:51:09Z

Staffan Björk: /* Using the pattern */

2015-01-15T12:45:35Z

‎Using the pattern

Staffan Björk: /* Consequences */

2015-01-05T12:57:04Z

‎Consequences

Staffan Björk at 12:55, 5 January 2015

2015-01-05T12:55:57Z

Staffan Björk at 07:13, 16 September 2014

2014-09-16T07:13:04Z

Staffan Björk at 07:53, 3 July 2014

2014-07-03T07:53:22Z

Staffan Björk at 07:52, 3 July 2014

2014-07-03T07:52:38Z

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 The design of [[Game Worlds]] and [[Levels]] that makes players have a bad overview of the game state, for example the inclusions of [[Obstacles]], makes it difficult to [[Aim & Shoot]]. This means shots will not be well aimed and that potential targets likely are [[Surprises]] and they are in turn [[Surprises]] by being shot at. Other forms of [[Surprises]] likely cause a [[Disruption of Focused Attention]] for players and make players lose their aim.
-Although [[Aim & Shoot]] is often used to enable [[Combat]] with goals to [[Capture]] or [[Eliminate]] visible [[Enemies]] or destroy [[Destructible Objects]], other goals and reasons are possible. [[Delivery]] of game elements can be done by throwing or shooting the game elements to the receiver and [[Capture]] can be the capturing of information rather than game elements. Shooting spider webs, throwing grappling hooks (as done in [[The Legend of Zelda series]] and [[Just Cause 2]]), or even firing cannons with oneself inside it (e.g. the [[Super Mario series]]) can give explanations for how [[Privileged Movement]] can be performed by [[Aim & Shoot]]. When [[Aim & Shoot]] is done for [[Combat]] purposes, the typical effect of successfully perform the action is either [[Damage]] or instant [[Game Element Removal]]. An alternative for [[Aim & Shoot]] in [[Combat]] is to make [[Friendly Fire]] possible - this is typically done to provide more [[Challenging Gameplay]]. The presence of [[Achilles' Heels]] in some [[Enemies]] can increase the difficulty of [[Aim & Shoot]] for some battles.
+Although [[Aim & Shoot]] is often used to enable [[Combat]] with goals to [[Capture]] or [[Eliminate]] visible [[Enemies]] or destroy [[Destructible Objects]], other goals and reasons are possible. [[Deliver]] goals connected to game elements can be done by throwing or shooting the game elements to the receiver and [[Capture]] can be the capturing of information rather than game elements. Shooting spider webs, throwing grappling hooks (as done in [[The Legend of Zelda series]] and [[Just Cause 2]]), or even firing cannons with oneself inside it (e.g. the [[Super Mario series]]) can give explanations for how [[Privileged Movement]] can be performed by [[Aim & Shoot]]. When [[Aim & Shoot]] is done for [[Combat]] purposes, the typical effect of successfully perform the action is either [[Damage]] or instant [[Game Element Removal]]. An alternative for [[Aim & Shoot]] in [[Combat]] is to make [[Friendly Fire]] possible - this is typically done to provide more [[Challenging Gameplay]]. The presence of [[Achilles' Heels]] in some [[Enemies]] can increase the difficulty of [[Aim & Shoot]] for some battles.
 [[Aim & Shoot]] may most often be used in [[Real-Time Games]] but can be found in [[Turn-Based Games]] such as [[Scorched Earth]], the [[Worms series]], and the pool game [[Eight-ball]]. The pattern can also be said to occur in some war games (e.g. [[Warhammer 40K]]) where one first declares attacks and then checks if one has [[Line of Sight]].
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 === Can Be Instantiated By ===
 [[Alignment]],
-[[Delivery]],
+[[Deliver]],
 [[Enemies]],
 [[Privileged Movement]]

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 [[Capture]],
 [[Combat]],
 [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]],
 [[Freedom of Choice]],
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 [[Alignment]],
 [[Delivery]],
 [[Enemies]],
 [[Privileged Movement]]

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 == Consequences ==
-As an activity that in most cases require skill, [[Aim & Shoot]] typically adds [[Performance Uncertainty]] to a game (the use of [[Aim & Shoot]] in [[Advanced Squad Leader]] being a counter-example). It is often used to make [[Combat]] possible, or to make [[Destructible Objects]] possible to destroy. [[Aim & Shoot]] requires [[Dexterity-Based Actions]]  and [[Timing]] in [[Real-Time Games]], and since players can see and imagine hitting or activating what the aim at the pattern can provide an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]]. As soon as there is more than one target for the action, [[Aim & Shoot]] instantiates [[Freedom of Choice]]. As soon as [[Aim & Shoot]] is made possible through an action of a diegetic [[Agents|Agent]], it is an [[Abilities|Ability]].
+As an activity that in most cases require skill, [[Aim & Shoot]] typically adds [[Performance Uncertainty]] to a game (the use of [[Aim & Shoot]] in [[Advanced Squad Leader]] being a counter-example). It is often used to make [[Combat]] possible, or to make [[Destructible Objects]] possible to destroy. [[Aim & Shoot]] requires [[Dexterity-Based Actions]]  and [[Timing]] in [[Real-Time Games]], and since players can see and imagine hitting or activating what the aim at the pattern can provide an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]]. As soon as there is more than one target for the action, [[Aim & Shoot]] instantiates [[Freedom of Choice]]. As soon as [[Aim & Shoot]] is made possible through an action of a diegetic [[Agents|Agent]], it is an [[Abilities|Ability]]. The action often requires players to engage in [[Extended Actions]] (mainly consisting of [[No-Ops]]), and when this is done from an [[Avatars|Avatar's]] (or other game element's) point of view, [[Aim & Shoot]] promotes [[Spatial Engrossment]]. While less common in [[Turn-Based Games]], the pattern promotes [[Puzzle Solving]] in these. [[Puzzle Solving]] is also promoted when the aiming is not directly to the target through [[Line of Sight]] but requires a more complex trajectory.
-−
 The action often requires players to engage in [[Extended Actions]] (mainly consisting of [[No-Ops]]), and when this is done from an [[Avatars|Avatar's]] (or other game element's) point of view, [[Aim & Shoot]] promotes [[Spatial Engrossment]]. While less common in [[Turn-Based Games]], the pattern promotes [[Puzzle Solving]] in these. [[Puzzle Solving]] is also promoted when the aiming is not directly to the target through [[Line of Sight]] but requires a more complex trajectory.
 [[Enemies]] that can [[Aim & Shoot]] rather than just shoot make [[Evade]] goals. While [[Maneuvering]] of [[Enemies]] can make [[Aim & Shoot]] more difficult, the opposite also applies: [[Enemies]] shooting at one makes [[Maneuvering]] more difficult.

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 [[Enemies]] that can [[Aim & Shoot]] rather than just shoot make [[Evade]] goals. While [[Maneuvering]] of [[Enemies]] can make [[Aim & Shoot]] more difficult, the opposite also applies: [[Enemies]] shooting at one makes [[Maneuvering]] more difficult.
 == Relations ==
 === Can Instantiate ===
 [[Abilities]],
 [[Destructible Objects]],
 [[Capture]],

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 == Using the pattern ==
-The normal use of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions requires that players are able to complete [[Alignment]] goals of two points by having [[Line of Sight]]. [[Crosshairs]] are very often used to support this [[Alignment]], and this makes [[Aim & Shoot nearly trivial in [[First-Person Views]] in unstressed conditions, as one aim point is simply the player's view point unless either of the two points is moving. Somewhat more difficult are [[Third-Person Views]], as more movement of the player's [[Focus Loci]] is usually necessary. [[God Views]] are in most cases too difficult, as it is too hard to get the [[Spatial Engrossment]] required in order to line up the two points accurately. However, an option to requiring [[Line of Sight]] is to require the judgement that shooting will create a suitable trajectory: either those close to parabolas simulating indirect fire (as in [[Scorched Earth]] and the [[Worms series]]), or those requiring bounces against other game elements (e.g. "kick shots"<ref name="kickshot"/> in [[Eight-ball]]). The possibility of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions can be restricted by requiring [[Tools]] or [[Weapons]], or the use of [[Resources]] such as [[Ammunition]]. The latter can introduce [[Tension]] to the activity and require [[Risk/Reward]] choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot.
+The normal use of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions requires that players are able to complete [[Alignment]] goals of two points by having [[Line of Sight]]. [[Crosshairs]] are very often used to support this [[Alignment]], and this makes [[Aim & Shoot]] nearly trivial in [[First-Person Views]] in unstressed conditions, as one aim point is simply the player's view point unless either of the two points is moving. Somewhat more difficult are [[Third-Person Views]], as more movement of the player's [[Focus Loci]] is usually necessary. [[God Views]] are in most cases too difficult, as it is too hard to get the [[Spatial Engrossment]] required in order to line up the two points accurately. However, an option to requiring [[Line of Sight]] is to require the judgement that shooting will create a suitable trajectory: either those close to parabolas simulating indirect fire (as in [[Scorched Earth]] and the [[Worms series]]), or those requiring bounces against other game elements (e.g. "kick shots"<ref name="kickshot"/> in [[Eight-ball]]). The possibility of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions can be restricted by requiring [[Tools]] or [[Weapons]], or the use of [[Resources]] such as [[Ammunition]]. The latter can introduce [[Tension]] to the activity and require [[Risk/Reward]] choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot.
 The difficulty of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions can be due to the [[Movement]] either of the game elements aimed at or the game element aiming. For [[Agents]], the intentional [[Movement]] due to [[Traverse]] or [[Evade]] goals can make aiming at them more difficult, especially if the [[Movement]] is actually [[Maneuvering]]. For [[Moveable Tiles]] or other game elements, the mechanical [[Movement]] due to [[The Show Must Go On]] can likewise make aiming more difficult. The aiming can be further complicated by the players' own [[Movement]] of their [[Focus Loci]] or by a swaying of the aim to simulate the difficulty of real-world aiming. While performing [[No-Ops]] to slightly reduce the swaying is a common design feature, the use of [[Skills]], [[Tools]] or [[Weapons]] can also motivate reducing the swaying; this [[Variable Accuracy]] is one way [[Player/Character Skill Composites]] can modulate [[Aim & Shoot]]. Various [[Auto-Aim]] solutions can also make [[Aim & Shoot]] actions easier through providing [[Player/Character Skill Composites]]. In contrast, aiming can be made more difficult by introducing [[Tension]], for example through [[Competition]] or [[Time Limits]].

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 <ref name="Bjork & Holopainen 2004">Björk, S. & Holopainen, J. (2004) Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media. ISBN1-58450-354-8.</ref>
 <ref name="kickshot">Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#Kick_shot section] for kick shots under cue sports terms.</ref>
 </references>
 == Acknowledgements ==
 Johan Wingård for the [[Duck Hunt]] example.

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 === Examples ===
 The wargames [[Advanced Squad Leader]] and [[Warhammer Fantasy Battle]] requires that shooters have a clear line of sight to fire. They do also include indirect fire, but since this does not require calculations of trajectories it is for gameplay purposes very similar to ordinary [[Aim & Shoot]].
 [[Aim & Shoot]] is more or less a defining trait in [[:Category:FPS Games|first-person shooters]] such as the [[Quake series|Quake]], [[Doom series|Doom]], [[Half-Life series|Half-Life]], [[Left 4 Dead series|Left 4 Dead]], and [[Crysis series]]. It is also important in many other games with first-person views, e.g. the [[Deus Ex series]] and the [[Thief series]] as well as the latter installments of the [[Elder Scrolls series]] and the [[Fallout series]].
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 <ref name="kickshot">Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#Kick_shot section] for kick shots under cue sports terms.</ref>
 </references>