Damage - Revision history

Staffan Björk at 14:16, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T14:16:33Z

Staffan Björk at 13:14, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T13:14:41Z

Staffan Björk at 12:54, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T12:54:31Z

Staffan Björk at 12:48, 24 August 2015

2015-08-24T12:48:39Z

Staffan Björk: /* Consequences */

2015-07-02T13:02:11Z

‎Consequences

Staffan Björk: /* Relations */

2015-07-02T13:01:44Z

‎Relations

Staffan Björk at 08:04, 21 September 2014

2014-09-21T08:04:14Z

Staffan Björk at 10:19, 10 January 2013

2013-01-10T10:19:28Z

Staffan Björk at 09:23, 24 September 2011

2011-09-24T09:23:33Z

Staffan Björk at 11:28, 30 August 2011

2011-08-30T11:28:35Z

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 [[Weapons]] are an obvious choice for game entities that should cause [[Damage]], but other common examples include [[Vehicles]] (when they can be used to hit other entities) and [[Tools]] (when they can be used as improvised [[Weapons]]). [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]] and the [[Battlefield series]] use all these options ([[Minecraft]] too except for [[Vehicles]] being ineffective). [[Environmental Effects]] and [[Traps]] is another source for [[Damage]] but in this case, the [[Damage]] they cause is often what defines them (it should be noted that [[Environmental Effects]] or [[Game Items]] that cause [[Damage]] can together be [[Traps]]). Taking another perspective, the cause for receiving [[Damage]] can be failing to detect [[Surprise Attacks]], failing to succeed in [[Evade]] goals, or failing in [[Maneuvering]] to avoid [[Obstacles]] or [[Diegetically Tangible Game Items]]. [[Moveable Tiles]] are in this respect similar to [[Obstacles]] except that they may what moves instead of players' [[Focus Loci]], and if this makes it impossible to hinder the [[Tiles]] from moving this is a type of [[Ultra-Powerful Events]]. Less common reasons for [[Damage]] include not being [[King of the Hill]] or making [[Consumers]] perform actions where the needed [[Resources]] are described in terms of [[Health]].
-The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]], sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and [[Armor]] characteristics. [[Resources]] can also stand in as an alternative. In all these cases the [[Damage]] are [[Energy Penalties]]. However, other effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], and these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create [[Critical Hits]] (another easier way is simply to increase the [[Damage]] provided). Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
+The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]], sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and [[Armor]] characteristics. [[Resources]] can also stand in as an alternative. In all these cases the [[Damage]] are [[Energy Penalties]]. However, other effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], and these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create [[Critical Hits]] (another easier way is simply to increase the [[Damage]] provided). Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected. In games with [[Lives]], an option for [[Damage]] is directly to cause [[Life Penalties]] rather than do it as the effects of depleting some [[Resources|Resource]] (most commonly [[Health]]).
 The basic amount of [[Damage]] give is typically a fixed value or a combination of [[Dice]]. How much [[Damage]] is actually given can however be modulated by in many ways. One way is to introduce [[Risk/Reward]] aspects through that parts that are more difficult to hit suffer more [[Damage]] if hit. An example of this is the possibility to do instantaneous kills with head shots in first-person shooters such as [[Counter-Strike]]. [[Vulnerabilities]] give extra [[Damage]] if the attack is of a specific type or hits specific areas, and knowing about this is [[Strategic Knowledge]] if this is not obvious (this is often the case with [[Achilles' Heels]]). [[Combos]] is another option where succeeding with them result in increased [[Damage]]. [[Difficulty Levels]] and [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]] can be used to regulate if games should have [[Challenging Gameplay]] or to achieve [[Player Balance|Player]] or [[Team Balance]]. The amount of [[Damage]] taken can often be diminish or cancelled by pre-emptive or counter actions. Examples of counter actions include using [[Privileged Abilities]] (e.g. playing "blocking" [[Cards]] in [[:Category:Card Games|Card Games]]), or performing blocking or parrying maneuvers. Examples of pre-emptive actions include donning [[Armor]] or activating [[Invulnerabilities]] (e.g. activating "übercharges" in [[Team Fortress 2]]). Permanent [[Invulnerabilities]] reduce the presence of the [[Damage]] pattern but does not have to eliminate it completely if several different types of [[Damage]] exist.
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 ==== with [[Health]] and [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], [[Skills]], [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], or [[Ability Losses]] ====
 [[Critical Hits]]
 ==== with [[Moveable Tiles]] ====

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 [[Weapons]] are an obvious choice for game entities that should cause [[Damage]], but other common examples include [[Vehicles]] (when they can be used to hit other entities) and [[Tools]] (when they can be used as improvised [[Weapons]]). [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]] and the [[Battlefield series]] use all these options ([[Minecraft]] too except for [[Vehicles]] being ineffective). [[Environmental Effects]] and [[Traps]] is another source for [[Damage]] but in this case, the [[Damage]] they cause is often what defines them (it should be noted that [[Environmental Effects]] or [[Game Items]] that cause [[Damage]] can together be [[Traps]]). Taking another perspective, the cause for receiving [[Damage]] can be failing to detect [[Surprise Attacks]], failing to succeed in [[Evade]] goals, or failing in [[Maneuvering]] to avoid [[Obstacles]] or [[Diegetically Tangible Game Items]]. [[Moveable Tiles]] are in this respect similar to [[Obstacles]] except that they may what moves instead of players' [[Focus Loci]], and if this makes it impossible to hinder the [[Tiles]] from moving this is a type of [[Ultra-Powerful Events]]. Less common reasons for [[Damage]] include not being [[King of the Hill]] or making [[Consumers]] perform actions where the needed [[Resources]] are described in terms of [[Health]].
-The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]] (sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and [[Armor]] characteristics). In these cases the [[Damage]] are [[Energy Penalties]]. However, other effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], and these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create [[Critical Hits]] (another easier way is simply to increase the [[Damage]] provided). Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
+The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]], sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and [[Armor]] characteristics. [[Resources]] can also stand in as an alternative. In all these cases the [[Damage]] are [[Energy Penalties]]. However, other effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], and these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create [[Critical Hits]] (another easier way is simply to increase the [[Damage]] provided). Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
 The basic amount of [[Damage]] give is typically a fixed value or a combination of [[Dice]]. How much [[Damage]] is actually given can however be modulated by in many ways. One way is to introduce [[Risk/Reward]] aspects through that parts that are more difficult to hit suffer more [[Damage]] if hit. An example of this is the possibility to do instantaneous kills with head shots in first-person shooters such as [[Counter-Strike]]. [[Vulnerabilities]] give extra [[Damage]] if the attack is of a specific type or hits specific areas, and knowing about this is [[Strategic Knowledge]] if this is not obvious (this is often the case with [[Achilles' Heels]]). [[Combos]] is another option where succeeding with them result in increased [[Damage]]. [[Difficulty Levels]] and [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]] can be used to regulate if games should have [[Challenging Gameplay]] or to achieve [[Player Balance|Player]] or [[Team Balance]]. The amount of [[Damage]] taken can often be diminish or cancelled by pre-emptive or counter actions. Examples of counter actions include using [[Privileged Abilities]] (e.g. playing "blocking" [[Cards]] in [[:Category:Card Games|Card Games]]), or performing blocking or parrying maneuvers. Examples of pre-emptive actions include donning [[Armor]] or activating [[Invulnerabilities]] (e.g. activating "übercharges" in [[Team Fortress 2]]). Permanent [[Invulnerabilities]] reduce the presence of the [[Damage]] pattern but does not have to eliminate it completely if several different types of [[Damage]] exist.
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 [[Player/Character Skill Composites]] in games with [[Combat]]
-==== with [[Armor]] or [[Health]] ====
+==== with [[Armor]], [[Health]], or [[Resources]] ====
 [[Energy Penalties]]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 [[Weapons]] are an obvious choice for game entities that should cause [[Damage]], but other common examples include [[Vehicles]] (when they can be used to hit other entities) and [[Tools]] (when they can be used as improvised [[Weapons]]). [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]] and the [[Battlefield series]] use all these options ([[Minecraft]] too except for [[Vehicles]] being ineffective). [[Environmental Effects]] and [[Traps]] is another source for [[Damage]] but in this case, the [[Damage]] they cause is often what defines them (it should be noted that [[Environmental Effects]] or [[Game Items]] that cause [[Damage]] can together be [[Traps]]). Taking another perspective, the cause for receiving [[Damage]] can be failing to detect [[Surprise Attacks]], failing to succeed in [[Evade]] goals, or failing in [[Maneuvering]] to avoid [[Obstacles]] or [[Diegetically Tangible Game Items]]. [[Moveable Tiles]] are in this respect similar to [[Obstacles]] except that they may what moves instead of players' [[Focus Loci]], and if this makes it impossible to hinder the [[Tiles]] from moving this is a type of [[Ultra-Powerful Events]]. Less common reasons for [[Damage]] include not being [[King of the Hill]] or making [[Consumers]] perform actions where the needed [[Resources]] are described in terms of [[Health]].
-The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]] (sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and [[Armor]] characteristics). In these cases the [[Damage]] are [[Energy Penalties]]. However, other effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], and these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create [[Critical Hits]]. Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
+The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]] (sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and [[Armor]] characteristics). In these cases the [[Damage]] are [[Energy Penalties]]. However, other effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], and these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create [[Critical Hits]] (another easier way is simply to increase the [[Damage]] provided). Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
 The basic amount of [[Damage]] give is typically a fixed value or a combination of [[Dice]]. How much [[Damage]] is actually given can however be modulated by in many ways. One way is to introduce [[Risk/Reward]] aspects through that parts that are more difficult to hit suffer more [[Damage]] if hit. An example of this is the possibility to do instantaneous kills with head shots in first-person shooters such as [[Counter-Strike]]. [[Vulnerabilities]] give extra [[Damage]] if the attack is of a specific type or hits specific areas, and knowing about this is [[Strategic Knowledge]] if this is not obvious (this is often the case with [[Achilles' Heels]]). [[Combos]] is another option where succeeding with them result in increased [[Damage]]. [[Difficulty Levels]] and [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]] can be used to regulate if games should have [[Challenging Gameplay]] or to achieve [[Player Balance|Player]] or [[Team Balance]]. The amount of [[Damage]] taken can often be diminish or cancelled by pre-emptive or counter actions. Examples of counter actions include using [[Privileged Abilities]] (e.g. playing "blocking" [[Cards]] in [[:Category:Card Games|Card Games]]), or performing blocking or parrying maneuvers. Examples of pre-emptive actions include donning [[Armor]] or activating [[Invulnerabilities]] (e.g. activating "übercharges" in [[Team Fortress 2]]). Permanent [[Invulnerabilities]] reduce the presence of the [[Damage]] pattern but does not have to eliminate it completely if several different types of [[Damage]] exist.
@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 [[Armor]],
 [[Combos]],
 [[Diegetically Outstanding Features]],
 [[Difficulty Levels]],

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 [[Weapons]] are an obvious choice for game entities that should cause [[Damage]], but other common examples include [[Vehicles]] (when they can be used to hit other entities) and [[Tools]] (when they can be used as improvised [[Weapons]]). [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]] and the [[Battlefield series]] use all these options ([[Minecraft]] too except for [[Vehicles]] being ineffective). [[Environmental Effects]] and [[Traps]] is another source for [[Damage]] but in this case, the [[Damage]] they cause is often what defines them (it should be noted that [[Environmental Effects]] or [[Game Items]] that cause [[Damage]] can together be [[Traps]]). Taking another perspective, the cause for receiving [[Damage]] can be failing to detect [[Surprise Attacks]], failing to succeed in [[Evade]] goals, or failing in [[Maneuvering]] to avoid [[Obstacles]] or [[Diegetically Tangible Game Items]]. [[Moveable Tiles]] are in this respect similar to [[Obstacles]] except that they may what moves instead of players' [[Focus Loci]], and if this makes it impossible to hinder the [[Tiles]] from moving this is a type of [[Ultra-Powerful Events]]. Less common reasons for [[Damage]] include not being [[King of the Hill]] or making [[Consumers]] perform actions where the needed [[Resources]] are described in terms of [[Health]].
-The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]] (sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and "Armor" characteristics). Additional effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], but these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create special hits. Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
+The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]] (sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and [[Armor]] characteristics). In these cases the [[Damage]] are [[Energy Penalties]]. However, other effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], and these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create [[Critical Hits]]. Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
 The basic amount of [[Damage]] give is typically a fixed value or a combination of [[Dice]]. How much [[Damage]] is actually given can however be modulated by in many ways. One way is to introduce [[Risk/Reward]] aspects through that parts that are more difficult to hit suffer more [[Damage]] if hit. An example of this is the possibility to do instantaneous kills with head shots in first-person shooters such as [[Counter-Strike]]. [[Vulnerabilities]] give extra [[Damage]] if the attack is of a specific type or hits specific areas, and knowing about this is [[Strategic Knowledge]] if this is not obvious (this is often the case with [[Achilles' Heels]]). [[Combos]] is another option where succeeding with them result in increased [[Damage]]. [[Difficulty Levels]] and [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]] can be used to regulate if games should have [[Challenging Gameplay]] or to achieve [[Player Balance|Player]] or [[Team Balance]]. The amount of [[Damage]] taken can often be diminish or cancelled by pre-emptive or counter actions. Examples of counter actions include using [[Privileged Abilities]] (e.g. playing "blocking" [[Cards]] in [[:Category:Card Games|Card Games]]), or performing blocking or parrying maneuvers. Examples of pre-emptive actions include donning [[Armor]] or activating [[Invulnerabilities]] (e.g. activating "übercharges" in [[Team Fortress 2]]). Permanent [[Invulnerabilities]] reduce the presence of the [[Damage]] pattern but does not have to eliminate it completely if several different types of [[Damage]] exist.
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 [[Player/Character Skill Composites]] in games with [[Combat]]
 ==== with [[Construction]] ====
@@ Line 55: / Line 58: @@
 ==== with [[Environmental Effects]] or [[Game Items]] ====
 [[Traps]]
 ==== with [[Moveable Tiles]] ====

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 While accumulated [[Damage]] can make [[Player Killing]] possible in games, it can also be used to increase granularity to [[Combat]] by making attacks not directly lose [[Lives]]. This also allows modulation of [[Eliminate]] goals so that not one single successful attack eliminates an [[Enemies|Enemy]] but rather several successes are required. It can also introduce [[Deterioration]] to [[Game Items]] and destruction to [[Destructible Objects]], creating [[Risk/Reward]] consideration for using [[Construction]] when the results of this activity can be destroyed. In general, how much [[Damage]] can be received before more severe [[Penalties]] are inflicted modulates [[Risk/Reward]] choices players do when they are under risk of taking [[Damage]].
-Like [[Lives]], [[Damage]] can be seen as a measure of how many times one may fail avoiding bad effects in a game before a more severe [[Penalties|Penalty]] is imposed. However, [[Damage]] works on a smaller scale and may have no effect on player's [[Freedom of Choice]] until the accumulated [[Damage]] is translated into another form of [[Penalties|Penalty]], typically the loss of [[Lives]] or the destruction of [[Units]].
+Like [[Lives]], [[Damage]] can be seen as a measure of how many times one may fail avoiding bad effects in a game before a more severe [[Penalties|Penalty]] is imposed. In this sense, it can be seen as a [[Resources|Resource]]. However, [[Damage]] works on a smaller scale and may have no effect on player's [[Freedom of Choice]] until the accumulated [[Damage]] is translated into another form of [[Penalties|Penalty]], typically the loss of [[Lives]] or the destruction of [[Units]].
 == Relations ==

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 [[Penalties]],
 [[Player Killing]],
 [[Strategic Knowledge]],
 [[Surprises]],

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 Designing [[Damage]] effects consist of deciding what causes it, how it is measured or what effects it causes, and who or what can be affected by it (see [[Ability Losses]], [[Decreased Abilities]], and [[Health]] for notes on reversing the effects of [[Damage]]). Most design where taking [[Damage]] once does not kill makes use [[Health]], so considering that pattern is often relevant when designing games where [[Damage]] can occur.
-[[Weapons]] are an obvious choice for game entities that should cause [[Damage]], but other common examples include [[Vehicles]] (when they can be used to hit other entities) and [[Tools]] (when they can be used as improvised [[Weapons]]). [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]] and the [[Battlefield series]] use all these options ([[Minecraft]] too except for [[Vehicles]] being ineffective). [[Environmental Effects]] and [[Traps]] is another source for [[Damage]] but in this case, the [[Damage]] they cause is often what defines them (it should be noted that [[Environmental Effects]] or [[Game Items]] that cause [[Damage]] can together be [[Traps]]). Taking another perspective, the cause for receiving [[Damage]] can be failing to succeed in [[Evade]] goals, or failing in [[Maneuvering]] to avoid [[Obstacles]] or [[Diegetically Tangible Game Items]]. [[Moveable Tiles]] are in this respect similar to [[Obstacles]] except that they may what moves instead of players' [[Focus Loci]], and if this makes it impossible to hinder the [[Tiles]] from moving this is a type of [[Ultra-Powerful Events]]. Less common reasons for [[Damage]] include not being [[King of the Hill]] or making [[Consumers]] perform actions where the needed [[Resources]] are described in terms of [[Health]].
+[[Weapons]] are an obvious choice for game entities that should cause [[Damage]], but other common examples include [[Vehicles]] (when they can be used to hit other entities) and [[Tools]] (when they can be used as improvised [[Weapons]]). [[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]] and the [[Battlefield series]] use all these options ([[Minecraft]] too except for [[Vehicles]] being ineffective). [[Environmental Effects]] and [[Traps]] is another source for [[Damage]] but in this case, the [[Damage]] they cause is often what defines them (it should be noted that [[Environmental Effects]] or [[Game Items]] that cause [[Damage]] can together be [[Traps]]). Taking another perspective, the cause for receiving [[Damage]] can be failing to detect [[Surprise Attacks]], failing to succeed in [[Evade]] goals, or failing in [[Maneuvering]] to avoid [[Obstacles]] or [[Diegetically Tangible Game Items]]. [[Moveable Tiles]] are in this respect similar to [[Obstacles]] except that they may what moves instead of players' [[Focus Loci]], and if this makes it impossible to hinder the [[Tiles]] from moving this is a type of [[Ultra-Powerful Events]]. Less common reasons for [[Damage]] include not being [[King of the Hill]] or making [[Consumers]] perform actions where the needed [[Resources]] are described in terms of [[Health]].
 The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]] (sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and "Armor" characteristics). Additional effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], but these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create special hits. Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 [[Moveable Tiles]],
 [[Movement Limitations]],
 [[Tools]],
 [[Vehicles]],

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 The most common type of [[Damage]] is simply a reduction of [[Health]] (sometimes called hit points but the [[Quake series]] shows how [[Damage]] can be used to reduce both [[Health]] and "Armor" characteristics). Additional effects such as forced [[Downtime]], [[Disruption of Focused Attention]], reduced [[Skills]], loss of aiming in games with [[Variable Accuracy]], [[Movement Limitations]], and [[Ability Losses]] can be used to create [[Damage]], but these can be used together with reductions of [[Health]] to create special hits. Independent of how the [[Damage]] was caused its numerical values can either be fixed or be determined by a function. Fixed [[Damage]] values give [[Predictable Consequences]] while functions can be used to create [[Randomness]] and increase the potential interest for each time [[Damage]] is received. If [[Damage]] comes as effect of [[Surprises]], the severity of these are increased but the possibility of players' having [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] may be negatively affected.
-How much [[Damage]] is given can be modulated by in many ways. One way is to introduce [[Risk/Reward]] aspects through that parts that are more difficult to hit suffer more [[Damage]] if hit. An example of this is the possibility to do instantaneous kills with head shots in first-person shooters such as [[Counter-Strike]]. [[Vulnerabilities]] give extra [[Damage]] if the attack is of a specific type or hits specific areas, and knowing about this is [[Strategic Knowledge]] if this is not obvious (this is often the case with [[Achilles' Heels]]). [[Combos]] is another option where succeeding with them result in increased [[Damage]]. [[Difficulty Levels]] and [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]] can be used to regulate if games should have [[Challenging Gameplay]] or to achieve [[Player Balance|Player]] or [[Team Balance]]. The amount of [[Damage]] taken can often be diminish or cancelled by pre-emptive or counter actions. Examples of counter actions include using [[Privileged Abilities]] (e.g. playing "blocking" [[Cards]] in [[:Category:Card Games|Card Games]]), or performing blocking or parrying maneuvers. Examples of pre-emptive actions include donning [[Armor]] or activating [[Invulnerabilities]] (e.g. activating "übercharges" in [[Team Fortress 2]]). Permanent [[Invulnerabilities]] reduce the presence of the [[Damage]] pattern but does not have to eliminate it completely if several different types of [[Damage]] exist.
+The basic amount of [[Damage]] give is typically a fixed value or a combination of [[Dice]]. How much [[Damage]] is actually given can however be modulated by in many ways. One way is to introduce [[Risk/Reward]] aspects through that parts that are more difficult to hit suffer more [[Damage]] if hit. An example of this is the possibility to do instantaneous kills with head shots in first-person shooters such as [[Counter-Strike]]. [[Vulnerabilities]] give extra [[Damage]] if the attack is of a specific type or hits specific areas, and knowing about this is [[Strategic Knowledge]] if this is not obvious (this is often the case with [[Achilles' Heels]]). [[Combos]] is another option where succeeding with them result in increased [[Damage]]. [[Difficulty Levels]] and [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]] can be used to regulate if games should have [[Challenging Gameplay]] or to achieve [[Player Balance|Player]] or [[Team Balance]]. The amount of [[Damage]] taken can often be diminish or cancelled by pre-emptive or counter actions. Examples of counter actions include using [[Privileged Abilities]] (e.g. playing "blocking" [[Cards]] in [[:Category:Card Games|Card Games]]), or performing blocking or parrying maneuvers. Examples of pre-emptive actions include donning [[Armor]] or activating [[Invulnerabilities]] (e.g. activating "übercharges" in [[Team Fortress 2]]). Permanent [[Invulnerabilities]] reduce the presence of the [[Damage]] pattern but does not have to eliminate it completely if several different types of [[Damage]] exist.
 [[Avatars]], [[Characters]], and [[Units]] are common entities that can be affected by [[Damage]], but games can also let [[Diegetically Tangible Game Items]] in [[Game Worlds]] be affected by [[Damage]] if they are [[Destructible Objects]]. Typically, not all objects can be destroyed; a quite common solution is to make it possible to destroy the results of [[Construction]].
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 [[Diegetically Outstanding Features]],
 [[Difficulty Levels]],
 [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]],
 [[Game State Indicators]],