Difference between revisions of "Excluding Goals"

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''Groups of goals with the characteristic that completing one makes completing the other impossible.''
''Group of goal with the characteristic that completing one makes completing the other impossible.''
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Some goals exist in relations to each other so that conditions required in the game state to fulfill one makes the completion of the others impossible. The two basic forms of Excluding Goals are based around collections of the same goal or collections of different goals. Racing is an example of several players having the same goal but only one can complete the goal. Collections of different goals can also be between different players but may also be goals that one player has and has to choose between.
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Some goals in games exist in relations to each other so that the conditions required in the game state to fulfill one makes the completion of the others impossible. These makes the goals into [[Excluding Goals]]. These [[Excluding Goals]] can both be between different players and be internal to individual players.  
  
 
=== Examples ===
 
=== Examples ===
Example: Races which do not allow tied results use Excluding Goals; the first player to finish the race makes the other players' goals invalid.
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[[:Category:Racing Games|Racing Games]] such as the [[F-Zero series]], the [[Gran Turismo series]], the [[Mario Kart series]], and the [[Need for Speed series]] have [[Excluding Goals]] since the first player to finish a race makes the other players' goals invalid.
  
Example: Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic is a single player adventure game, where finishing certain goals exclude other possible goals as the player character moves towards being good or evil.
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[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]] is a single player adventure game, where finishing certain goals exclude other possible goals as the player character moves towards being good or evil.
  
 
== Using the pattern ==
 
== Using the pattern ==
Excluding Goals can easily be created by taking one goal and constructing Preventing Goals around it. However, Excluding Goals do not have to be of a preventing nature, as Races and Overcome goals are examples of goals being excluding but not preventing. However, in these cases Excluding Goals have to use Tie-Breakers to ensure that only one player can have a certain position in the outcome of the game. Further, this requires that there must exist rules to determine the order in which the Excluding Goals exclude each other, typically the order in which they were completed but in some cases judged on how well goals were completed.
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[[Excluding Goals]] can easily be created by taking one goal and constructing [[Preventing Goals]] around it. For example, [[Reconnaissance]] together with [[Stealth]] or [[Guard]] used together with [[Capture]], [[Rescue]], or [[Stealth]] are explicit ways of creating [[Excluding Goals]]. However, [[Excluding Goals]] do not have to be of a preventing nature, as [[Races]] and [[Overcome]] goals are examples of goals being excluding but not necessarily preventing. However, in these cases [[Excluding Goals]] have to use [[Tiebreakers]] to ensure that only one player can have a certain position in the outcome of the game. Further, this requires that there must exist rules to determine the order in which the [[Excluding Goals]] exclude each other, typically the order in which they were completed but in some cases judged on how well the goals were completed. Making [[Excluding Goals]] of several [[Committed Goals]] forces players into considering the [[Trade-Offs]] between accepting the different goals.
  
Using Excluding Goals with Hierarchy of Goals assumes, of course, that the hierarchy is not linear. Goal hierarchies arranged in a tree-like structure are the most suitable for Excluding Goals as the exclusion can be easily implemented by just cutting of branches from the goal tree. Using the pattern in this manner implies the use of Dynamic Goal Characteristics for the goal information available to the players and also the use of Selectable Sets of Goals to allow the players to choose what goals they are pursuing.
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[[Role Selection]] is another way to create [[Excluding Goals]] in that the roles one can choose can have incompatible goals inherent in what is required by those roles.
  
=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
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[[Excluding Goals]] can be used to modify [[Goal Hierarchies]]. This assumes, of course, that the hierarchy is not linear. Goal hierarchies arranged in a tree-like structure are the most suitable for [[Excluding Goals]] as the exclusion can be easily implemented by just cutting of branches from the goal tree. Using the pattern in this manner implies the use of [[Dynamic Goal Characteristics]] for the goal information available to the players and also the use of a [[Selectable Set of Goals]] to allow the players to choose what goals they are pursuing.
[[Overcome]],
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[[Preventing Goals]],
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[[Races]],  
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[[Role Selection]],  
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[[Stealth]],
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[[Tiebreakers]]
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=== Can Be Modulated By ===
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[[Selectable Sets of Goals]],
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[[Dynamic Goal Characteristics]]
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=== Possible Closure Effects ===
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-
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=== Potentially Conflicting With ===
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[[Tied Results]],
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[[Shared Rewards]]
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=== Diegetic Aspects ===
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[[Evade]] goals can be design so they are affected indirectly by [[Excluding Goals]]. This is done by setting up [[Excluding Goals]] to those that cause the need of the [[Evade]] goals, e.g. defeating [[Enemies]] that have [[Eliminate]] goals directed towards oneself. In these cases, fulfilling one's own part of the [[Excluding Goals]] group makes the other goals invalid and at the same time remove the need to [[Evade]].
  
 
=== Interface Aspects ===
 
=== Interface Aspects ===
 
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An important design decision regarding [[Excluding Goals]] is if players should clearly be presented with information about which goals exclude which other goals. While showing this may let players plan how they will strive for goals more easily, it may be difficult to combine with some narration elements ([[Surprises]] for example) and figuring out which goals are compatible with each other can be an aspect of [[Gameplay Mastery]].
=== Narration Aspects ===
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== Consequences ==
 
== Consequences ==
Excluding Goals is a one way of creating Incompatible Goals; the other goals simply fail when one is completed. Because of this incompatibility, Excluding Goals make Tied Results impossible and raises the level of Conflict between the players. This is because the success of one player becomes closely linked to the failure of the other players in Competition, creating higher Risk/Reward levels compared to goals where players have do not have to compete against each other. Excluding Goals can also create Perceivable Margins if the goals have sufficiently strong impact on the game.
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[[Excluding Goals]] is a one way of creating [[Incompatible Goals]]; the other goals simply fail when one is completed and this implicitly also creates a [[Selectable Set of Goals]]. Because of this incompatibility, [[Excluding Goals]] make [[Tied Results]] impossible and raises the level of [[Conflicts]] between the players and [[Tension]] in general. [[Excluding Goals]] between players create [[Competition]] between them and can become [[Races]], e.g. when only one players can achieve a [[Gain Competence]] goal. This [[Competition]] is because the success of one player becomes closely linked to the failure of the other players since [[Shared Rewards]] don't exist. This also creates higher [[Risk/Reward]] situations compared to goals where players have do not have to compete against each other. [[Excluding Goals]] can also create [[Perceivable Margins]] if the goals have sufficiently strong impact on the game.
  
Goal exclusion within Selectable Sets of Goals that is part of a Hierarchy of Goals only allows players to fulfill a subset of the possible goals when playing the game. This use of the pattern can promote Replayability, especially in games with strong Narrative Structure, as it leads to the possibility for players to traverse the hierarchy in different ways, each leading to a different play experience.
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The use of [[Excluding Goals]] within a [[Selectable Set of Goals]] only allows players to fulfill a subset of the possible goals when playing the game. This combination of patterns can promote [[Replayability]], especially in games with detailed [[Narration Structures]], as it leads to the possibility for players to traverse the narration in different ways, each leading to a different experience.
 
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The use of Excluding Goals forms a natural starting point for defining Closure Points as certain characteristics of the possible future game states are known when one of the Excluding Goals is completed. If the game state values needed by the excluded goals are not needed for the other goals in the game, the Closure Points may remove game elements no longer needed and make unnecessary action unavailable.
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The use of [[Excluding Goals]] forms a natural starting point for defining [[Closure Points]] as certain characteristics of the possible future game states are known when one of the Excluding Goals is completed. If the game state values needed by the excluded goals are not needed for the other goals in the game, the Closure Points may remove game elements no longer needed and make unnecessary action unavailable.
  
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== Relations ==
 
=== Can Instantiate ===
 
=== Can Instantiate ===
[[Conflict]], [[Competition]], [[Incompatible Goals]], [[Closure Points]],  
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[[Conflicts]],  
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[[Competition]],  
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[[Closure Points]],
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[[Dynamic Goal Characteristics]],
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[[Incompatible Goals]],  
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[[Perceivable Margins]],
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[[Risk/Reward]],
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[[Selectable Set of Goals]],  
 
[[Tension]]
 
[[Tension]]
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==== with [[Committed Goals]] ====
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[[Trade-Offs]]
  
 
==== with [[Gain Competence]] ====
 
==== with [[Gain Competence]] ====
 
[[Races]]
 
[[Races]]
  
=== Can Modulate ===
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==== with [[Selectable Set of Goals]] ====
[[Evade]],
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[[Replayability]]
[[Hierarchy of Goals]]
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== Relations ==
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=== Can Instantiate ===
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[[Conflict]], [[Competition]], [[Incompatible Goals]], [[Closure Points]],
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[[Tension]]
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==== with [[Gain Competence]] ====
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[[Races]]
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=== Can Modulate ===
 
=== Can Modulate ===
 
[[Evade]],  
 
[[Evade]],  
[[Hierarchy of Goals]]
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[[Gameplay Mastery]],
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[[Goal Hierarchies]]
  
 
=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
 
=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
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[[Races]],  
 
[[Races]],  
 
[[Role Selection]],  
 
[[Role Selection]],  
[[Stealth]],
 
 
[[Tiebreakers]]
 
[[Tiebreakers]]
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 +
[[Guard]] together with [[Capture]], [[Rescue]], or [[Stealth]]
 +
 +
[[Reconnaissance]] together with [[Stealth]]
  
 
=== Can Be Modulated By ===
 
=== Can Be Modulated By ===
[[Selectable Sets of Goals]],
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[[Selectable Set of Goals]]  
[[Dynamic Goal Characteristics]]
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=== Possible Closure Effects ===
 
=== Possible Closure Effects ===

Latest revision as of 10:57, 18 March 2018

Groups of goals with the characteristic that completing one makes completing the other impossible.

Some goals in games exist in relations to each other so that the conditions required in the game state to fulfill one makes the completion of the others impossible. These makes the goals into Excluding Goals. These Excluding Goals can both be between different players and be internal to individual players.

Examples

Racing Games such as the F-Zero series, the Gran Turismo series, the Mario Kart series, and the Need for Speed series have Excluding Goals since the first player to finish a race makes the other players' goals invalid.

Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic is a single player adventure game, where finishing certain goals exclude other possible goals as the player character moves towards being good or evil.

Using the pattern

Excluding Goals can easily be created by taking one goal and constructing Preventing Goals around it. For example, Reconnaissance together with Stealth or Guard used together with Capture, Rescue, or Stealth are explicit ways of creating Excluding Goals. However, Excluding Goals do not have to be of a preventing nature, as Races and Overcome goals are examples of goals being excluding but not necessarily preventing. However, in these cases Excluding Goals have to use Tiebreakers to ensure that only one player can have a certain position in the outcome of the game. Further, this requires that there must exist rules to determine the order in which the Excluding Goals exclude each other, typically the order in which they were completed but in some cases judged on how well the goals were completed. Making Excluding Goals of several Committed Goals forces players into considering the Trade-Offs between accepting the different goals.

Role Selection is another way to create Excluding Goals in that the roles one can choose can have incompatible goals inherent in what is required by those roles.

Excluding Goals can be used to modify Goal Hierarchies. This assumes, of course, that the hierarchy is not linear. Goal hierarchies arranged in a tree-like structure are the most suitable for Excluding Goals as the exclusion can be easily implemented by just cutting of branches from the goal tree. Using the pattern in this manner implies the use of Dynamic Goal Characteristics for the goal information available to the players and also the use of a Selectable Set of Goals to allow the players to choose what goals they are pursuing.

Evade goals can be design so they are affected indirectly by Excluding Goals. This is done by setting up Excluding Goals to those that cause the need of the Evade goals, e.g. defeating Enemies that have Eliminate goals directed towards oneself. In these cases, fulfilling one's own part of the Excluding Goals group makes the other goals invalid and at the same time remove the need to Evade.

Interface Aspects

An important design decision regarding Excluding Goals is if players should clearly be presented with information about which goals exclude which other goals. While showing this may let players plan how they will strive for goals more easily, it may be difficult to combine with some narration elements (Surprises for example) and figuring out which goals are compatible with each other can be an aspect of Gameplay Mastery.

Consequences

Excluding Goals is a one way of creating Incompatible Goals; the other goals simply fail when one is completed and this implicitly also creates a Selectable Set of Goals. Because of this incompatibility, Excluding Goals make Tied Results impossible and raises the level of Conflicts between the players and Tension in general. Excluding Goals between players create Competition between them and can become Races, e.g. when only one players can achieve a Gain Competence goal. This Competition is because the success of one player becomes closely linked to the failure of the other players since Shared Rewards don't exist. This also creates higher Risk/Reward situations compared to goals where players have do not have to compete against each other. Excluding Goals can also create Perceivable Margins if the goals have sufficiently strong impact on the game.

The use of Excluding Goals within a Selectable Set of Goals only allows players to fulfill a subset of the possible goals when playing the game. This combination of patterns can promote Replayability, especially in games with detailed Narration Structures, as it leads to the possibility for players to traverse the narration in different ways, each leading to a different experience.

The use of Excluding Goals forms a natural starting point for defining Closure Points as certain characteristics of the possible future game states are known when one of the Excluding Goals is completed. If the game state values needed by the excluded goals are not needed for the other goals in the game, the Closure Points may remove game elements no longer needed and make unnecessary action unavailable.

Relations

Can Instantiate

Conflicts, Competition, Closure Points, Dynamic Goal Characteristics, Incompatible Goals, Perceivable Margins, Risk/Reward, Selectable Set of Goals, Tension

with Committed Goals

Trade-Offs

with Gain Competence

Races

with Selectable Set of Goals

Replayability

Can Modulate

Evade, Gameplay Mastery, Goal Hierarchies

Can Be Instantiated By

Overcome, Preventing Goals, Races, Role Selection, Tiebreakers

Guard together with Capture, Rescue, or Stealth

Reconnaissance together with Stealth

Can Be Modulated By

Selectable Set of Goals

Possible Closure Effects

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Potentially Conflicting With

Tied Results, Shared Rewards

History

An updated version of the pattern Excluding Goals that was part of the original collection in the book Patterns in Game Design[1].

References

  1. Björk, S. & Holopainen, J. (2004) Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media. ISBN1-58450-354-8.

Acknowledgements

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