View source for Bookkeeping Tokens

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''Game elements that do not represent diegetic objects in the game world but instead uphold abstract parts of the game state.''

Game states that at least partially represent abstract values require that games have some way to store the information. This can be done by using computers or humans that have to remember the information, but when computers are not available many games have [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] to let players focus on the gameplay rather than memorizing game states.

=== Examples ===
[[Puerto Rico]] has the role of governor that is passed among players. To help players keep track of their roles a small governor card is past to the player who currently is the governor. Given that players of [[Carolus Magnus]] have a turn order based upon which ''turn discs'' they have played rather the way they physically sit around the game board, the game provides [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] to help players keep track of this order.

Many games, e.g. [[Amun-Re]], [[Balderdash]], [[Caylus]], [[Inca Empire]], and [[Pictionary]], make use of score tracks so that players know the current positions of each other. Both [[Egizia]] and [[Ursuppe]] also have score tracks but in these cases they are also used to determine turn order. [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Race for the Galaxy]] are instead examples of games that make use of chips as [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] to keep track of victory points.

[[Agricola]] and [[Stone Age]] are examples of board games that have many types of [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] to keep track of which resources players have. [[Origins: How We Became Human]] provides each player with a limit number of [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] that are used for many different purposes, e.g. as units on the game board, or levels of elders and innovation in civilizations. [[High Frontier]] does the same, but in this case for rockets, bases, factories, and claiming glory sites. In contrast, the board game [[Android]] makes use of many different types of tokens to keep track of both the overall and and individual players' stories.

Players of [[Space Alert]] and [[RoboRally]] use cards as [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] to set up the future moves their characters or robots should do.

== Using the pattern ==
Book-Keeping Tokens allow more complex game states in Self-Facilitated Games without having to do Memorizing. 

As this requires Attention Swapping from the actual gameplay, Book-Keeping Tokens can negatively affect all kinds of Immersion, except Cognitive Immersion.

Book-Keeping Tokens can be the Focus Loci of actions not associated with game elements in Game Worlds.

The values of the game state that need to be kept track of dictate most of the design requirements of [[Book-Keeping Tokens]]. This may be to handle [[Resources]] such as [[Extra Chances]] or [[Money]], set up their [[Action Programming]], or help players keep track of [[Turn Taking]] through [[First Player Tokens]] and [[Current Player Tokens]].

However, game designers have options if the Book-Keeping Tokens should be used to provide the players with Imperfect Information, typically by Cards, or if they should be Public Information and give players a [[Game State Overview]].

[[Origins: How We Became Human]] [[High Frontier]] [[Limited Resources]] 


[[Geospatial Game Widgets]],



[[Victory Points]]


=== Diegetic Aspects ===

=== Interface Aspects ===

=== Narrative Aspects ===

== Consequences ==
[[Bookkeeping Tokens]] are [[Tokens]] that can help players run [[Self-Facilitated Games]] by upholding the game states instead of [[Memorizing]] them, e.g. by being [[Resources]] such as [[Extra Chances]], [[Money]], and [[Victory Points]] or letting player commit their [[Action Programming]]. This can also encourage [[Stimulated Planning]] and provide [[Cognitive Engrossment]]; if the tokens provide [[Public Information|Public]] or semi-public information these patterns are even stronger present since players have a [[Game State Overview]]. However, they require players to do [[Extra-Game Actions]] in the form of [[Excise]] that resemble [[Resource Management]] but without any [[Freedom of Choice]]. 

[[Bookkeeping Tokens]] not intended to represent diegetic element in [[Game Worlds]] are [[Geospatial Game Widgets]]. When [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] are used to provide [[Resource Caps]] they do limit [[Excise]].

== Relations ==
=== Can Instantiate ===
[[Cognitive Engrossment]], 
[[Excise]], 
[[Extra Chances]], 
[[Extra-Game Actions]], 
[[Geospatial Game Widgets]], 
[[Limited Resources]], 
[[Tokens]]

==== with [[Public Information]] ====
[[Game State Overview]]

=== Can Modulate ===
[[Action Programming]], 
[[Memorizing]], 
[[Money]], 
[[Resources]], 
[[Self-Facilitated Games]], 
[[Stimulated Planning]], 
[[Turn Taking]], 
[[Victory Points]]

=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
[[Current Player Tokens]], 
[[First Player Tokens]]

=== Can Be Modulated By ===
-

=== Possible Closure Effects ===
-

=== Potentially Conflicting With ===
[[Excise]] when [[Bookkeeping Tokens]] are used to provide [[Resource Caps]]

== History ==
An updated version of the pattern ''Book-Keeping Tokens'' that was part of the original collection in the book ''Patterns in Game Design''<ref name="Bjork & Holopainen 2004"/>.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Bjork & Holopainen 2004">Björk, S. & Holopainen, J. (2004) ''Patterns in Game Design''. Charles River Media. ISBN1-58450-354-8.</ref>
</references>

== Acknowledgements ==
-