Aim & Shoot
The action of taking aim at something and then shooting at it.
Combat is a common occurrence in games, and then many times through players having to Aim & Shoot. However, one of the most natural ways of showing attention to something is to look or point at it, and the action of Aim & Shoot can be generalized to describe any action where one indicates what one wants to affect through pointing.
Contents
Examples
The wargames Advanced Squad Leader and Warhammer Fantasy Battle requires that shooters have a clear line of sight to fire. They do also include indirect fire, but since this does not require calculations of trajectories it is for gameplay purposes very similar to ordinary Aim & Shoot.
Already the first Console Games included light guns[1] to allow players to aim physical gun props at their TVs. Duck Hunt is a later example of this type of games.
Aim & Shoot is more or less a defining trait in first-person shooters such as the Quake, Doom, Half-Life, Left 4 Dead, and Crysis series. It is also important in many other games with first-person views, e.g. the Deus Ex series and the Thief series as well as the latter installments of the Elder Scrolls series and the Fallout series.
Examples of non-violent applications of Aim & Shoot include taking photos in Dead Rising and Pokémon Snap, and using the grappling hook in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and Just Cause 2 (although the latter may be used to kill enemies even so).
The turn-based games Scorched Earth and the Worms series require players to aim their tanks and worms respectively before shooting, in some cases having to take into consideration wind effects.
Using the pattern
The normal use of Aim & Shoot actions requires that players are able to complete Alignment goals of two points by having Line of Sight. Crosshairs are very often used to support this Alignment, and this makes Aim & Shoot nearly trivial in First-Person Views in unstressed conditions, as one aim point is simply the player's view point unless either of the two points is moving. Somewhat more difficult are Third-Person Views, as more movement of the player's Focus Loci is usually necessary. God Views are in most cases too difficult, as it is too hard to get the Spatial Engrossment required in order to line up the two points accurately. However, an option to requiring Line of Sight is to require the judgement that shooting will create a suitable trajectory: either those close to parabolas simulating indirect fire (as in Scorched Earth and the Worms series), or those requiring bounces against other game elements (e.g. "kick shots"[2] in Eight-ball). The possibility of Aim & Shoot actions can be restricted by requiring Tools or Weapons, or the use of Resources such as Ammunition. The latter can introduce Tension to the activity and require Risk/Reward choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot.
The difficulty of Aim & Shoot actions can be due to the Movement either of the game elements aimed at or the game element aiming. For Agents, the intentional Movement due to Traverse or Evade goals can make aiming at them more difficult, especially if the Movement is actually Maneuvering. For Moveable Tiles or other game elements, the mechanical Movement due to The Show Must Go On can likewise make aiming more difficult. The aiming can be further complicated by the players' own Movement of their Focus Loci or by a swaying of the aim to simulate the difficulty of real-world aiming. While performing No-Ops to slightly reduce the swaying is a common design feature, the use of Skills, Tools or Weapons can also motivate reducing the swaying; this Variable Accuracy is one way Player/Character Skill Composites can modulate Aim & Shoot. Various Auto-Aim solutions can also make Aim & Shoot actions easier through providing Player/Character Skill Composites. In contrast, aiming can be made more difficult by introducing Tension, for example through Competition or Time Limits.
The design of Game Worlds and Levels that makes players have a bad overview of the game state, for example the inclusions of Obstacles, makes it difficult to Aim & Shoot. This means shots will not be well aimed and that potential targets likely are Surprises and they are in turn Surprises by being shot at. Other forms of Surprises likely cause a Disruption of Focused Attention for players and make players lose their aim.
Although Aim & Shoot is often used to enable Combat with goals to Capture or Eliminate visible Enemies or destroy Destructible Objects, other goals and reasons are possible. Deliver goals connected to game elements can be done by throwing or shooting the game elements to the receiver and Capture can be the capturing of information rather than game elements. Shooting spider webs, throwing grappling hooks (as done in The Legend of Zelda series and Just Cause 2), or even firing cannons with oneself inside it (e.g. the Super Mario series) can give explanations for how Privileged Movement can be performed by Aim & Shoot. When Aim & Shoot is done for Combat purposes, the typical effect of successfully perform the action is either Damage or instant Game Element Removal. An alternative for Aim & Shoot in Combat is to make Friendly Fire possible - this is typically done to provide more Challenging Gameplay. The presence of Achilles' Heels in some Enemies can increase the difficulty of Aim & Shoot for some battles.
Aim & Shoot may most often be used in Real-Time Games but can be found in Turn-Based Games such as Scorched Earth, the Worms series, and the pool game Eight-ball. The pattern can also be said to occur in some war games (e.g. Warhammer 40K) where one first declares attacks and then checks if one has Line of Sight.
Interestingly enough, most sports games due not make use of Aim & Shoot even though this is one of the primary activities in sports they simulate. The cause for this is probably the lack of overview of the game state that players would have if they had perspectives that allowed Aim & Shoot.
Interface Aspects
Games with Aim & Shoot and First-Person Views very often have reticles in HUD Interfaces while those with Third-Person Views have some other kind of support for making players have Alignment with their targets.
Consequences
As an activity that in most cases require skill, Aim & Shoot typically adds Performance Uncertainty to a game (the use of Aim & Shoot in Advanced Squad Leader being a counter-example). It is often used to make Combat possible, or to make Destructible Objects possible to destroy. Aim & Shoot requires Dexterity-Based Actions and Timing in Real-Time Games, and since players can see and imagine hitting or activating what the aim at the pattern can provide an Exaggerated Perception of Influence. As soon as there is more than one target for the action, Aim & Shoot instantiates Freedom of Choice. As soon as Aim & Shoot is made possible through an action of a diegetic Agent, it is an Ability. The action often requires players to engage in Extended Actions (mainly consisting of No-Ops), and when this is done from an Avatar's (or other game element's) point of view, Aim & Shoot promotes Spatial Engrossment. While less common in Turn-Based Games, the pattern promotes Puzzle Solving in these. Puzzle Solving is also promoted when the aiming is not directly to the target through Line of Sight but requires a more complex trajectory.
Enemies that can Aim & Shoot rather than just shoot make Evade goals. While Maneuvering of Enemies can make Aim & Shoot more difficult, the opposite also applies: Enemies shooting at one makes Maneuvering more difficult.
Aim & Shoot can easily be appropriated by players to engage in Beat the Leader activities.
Relations
Can Instantiate
Abilities, Beat the Leader, Destructible Objects, Capture, Combat, Eliminate, Exaggerated Perception of Influence, Freedom of Choice, Line of Sight, Performance Uncertainty, Risk/Reward, Tension
Puzzle Solving when not Line of Sight is sufficient
with Obstacles
with Real-Time Games
Extended Actions, Dexterity-Based Actions, Spatial Engrossment, Timing
with Turn-Based Games
Can Modulate
Achilles' Heels, Combat, Evade, Maneuvering
Can Be Instantiated By
Alignment, Deliver, Enemies, Privileged Movement Tools, Weapons
Can Be Modulated By
Auto-Aim, Ammunition, Competition, Crosshairs, Evade, First-Person Views, Friendly Fire, HUD Interfaces, Line of Sight, Maneuvering, Moveable Tiles, Movement, No-Ops, Obstacles, Player/Character Skill Composites, Resources, Skills, Surprises, Tension, Third-Person Views, Time Limits, Tools, Traverse, Variable Accuracy, Weapons
Possible Closure Effects
Potentially Conflicting With
History
An updated version of the pattern Aim & Shoot that was part of the original collection in the book Patterns in Game Design[3].
References
- ↑ Wikipedia entry for light guns.
- ↑ Wikipedia section for kick shots under cue sports terms.
- ↑ Björk, S. & Holopainen, J. (2004) Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media. ISBN1-58450-354-8.
Acknowledgements
Johan Wingård for the Duck Hunt example.
