Difference between revisions of "Cooperation"
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The simplest way to achieve Cooperation is to use [[Teams]], but equal levels of [[Cooperation]] can be achieved by introducing [[Mutual Goals]] combined with [[Shared Rewards]] to players. The [[Mutual Goals]], however, do not need to be the highest level goals in the game; that is, it is possible to have [[Competition]] and [[Conflict]] between the players as a high level goal and use [[Mutual Goals]] as subgoals for reaching the high level goal. One way of doing this is to introduce [[Collaborative Actions]] as the only way of performing aggressive actions - this design solution can be found in [[So Long Sucker]] and in practice is required to win in [[Diplomacy]]. | The simplest way to achieve Cooperation is to use [[Teams]], but equal levels of [[Cooperation]] can be achieved by introducing [[Mutual Goals]] combined with [[Shared Rewards]] to players. The [[Mutual Goals]], however, do not need to be the highest level goals in the game; that is, it is possible to have [[Competition]] and [[Conflict]] between the players as a high level goal and use [[Mutual Goals]] as subgoals for reaching the high level goal. One way of doing this is to introduce [[Collaborative Actions]] as the only way of performing aggressive actions - this design solution can be found in [[So Long Sucker]] and in practice is required to win in [[Diplomacy]]. | ||
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| + | All [[Alliances]], even [[Uncommitted Alliances]] ones, are based on [[Cooperation]] between the players. Even the lowest level of [[Alliances|Alliance]], agreeing not to hinder or harm the other player, is a form of [[Cooperation]], as the players coordinate their actions, even though they might not be trying to achieve [[Mutual Goals]]. | ||
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| + | Related to this is [[Cooperation]] based upon the idea of [[Delayed Reciprocity]], that is some players help other players under the belief that they may later be helped in return. | ||
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| + | [[Altruistic Actions]] | ||
[[Betrayal]] can be added to games with [[Cooperation]] to create [[Inherent Mistrust]] and [[Tension]]. This can either be voluntary action by players for personal gains or be forced upon some players by designating them as [[Traitors]], as for example is done in [[Battlestar Galactica: The Board Game]] or [[Shadows over Camelot]]. [[Shared Resources]] gives players the opportunity for [[Cooperation]] in how to use the [[Resources]] but can have the same effects as [[Betrayal]] and both can easily introduce [[Conflict]] into the gameplay. [[Shared Resources]] also add the [[Social Dilemmas]] to the gameplay which [[Betrayal]] only does if not forced upon players (i.e. not instantiated through the use of [[Traitors]]). | [[Betrayal]] can be added to games with [[Cooperation]] to create [[Inherent Mistrust]] and [[Tension]]. This can either be voluntary action by players for personal gains or be forced upon some players by designating them as [[Traitors]], as for example is done in [[Battlestar Galactica: The Board Game]] or [[Shadows over Camelot]]. [[Shared Resources]] gives players the opportunity for [[Cooperation]] in how to use the [[Resources]] but can have the same effects as [[Betrayal]] and both can easily introduce [[Conflict]] into the gameplay. [[Shared Resources]] also add the [[Social Dilemmas]] to the gameplay which [[Betrayal]] only does if not forced upon players (i.e. not instantiated through the use of [[Traitors]]). | ||
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Every mode of play where the players perform actions together for mutual benefit requires Cooperation from basic Collaborative Actions to Trading and even Bidding. The benefit does not have to be direct to all the cooperating players but there can be a time delay for the Individual Rewards as is described in Delayed Reciprocity. | Every mode of play where the players perform actions together for mutual benefit requires Cooperation from basic Collaborative Actions to Trading and even Bidding. The benefit does not have to be direct to all the cooperating players but there can be a time delay for the Individual Rewards as is described in Delayed Reciprocity. | ||
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=== Can Be Instantiated By === | === Can Be Instantiated By === | ||
[[Alliances]], | [[Alliances]], | ||
| + | [[Altruistic Actions]], | ||
| + | [[Delayed Reciprocity]], | ||
[[Non-Player Help]], | [[Non-Player Help]], | ||
[[Public Interfaces]], | [[Public Interfaces]], | ||
Revision as of 21:28, 7 February 2011
Coordination between several agents of actions, information, and resources in order to reach goals or subgoals of the game.
Cooperation is simply the intentional joint effort by several agents to try and reach a goal. In games, this allow players to divide tasks between them and rely upon each others' abilities and resources to work more efficiently together than would have been possible alone. It may enable players to perform otherwise impossible actions or may make players feel that they are part of a team.
Examples
Very many sports, e.g. Soccer, Basketball, and Baseball are team based and require the players to cooperate well in order to have a chance of winning over the opposing team. Laying a Jigsaw Puzzle together with friends has Cooperation between the players, but one can still see the puzzle as containing Competition (or even Conflict) against the game system or designers of the puzzle.
In Lord of the Rings, the board game, the players coordinate their actions in order to defeat Sauron. The gameplay her is fully cooperative since the main goal, defeating Sauron, is common to all players, that is, either the players win the game or they all lose. Space Alert has the same main design even if in a different setting. In contrast, Battlestar Galactica: The Board Game and Shadows over Camelot ensure that at least one player is a traitor but still requires all players to cooperate, at least until it has been revealed who the traitor is. Games do not have to have any concept of teams for Cooperation to be necessary; So Long Sucker and Diplomacy make players join up to beat other players only to later have to battle each other.
Although only one needs to make it to a safe room for a level to be completed in the Left 4 Dead series, players can cooperate by healing each other, saving them from being incapacitated, or hand over healing equipment to each other.
See the category of Co-Op Games on this wiki for additional examples.
Using the pattern
Agents Algorithmic Agents Non-Player Characters AI Players Enemies
Internal Conflicts Free Gift Inventories Invites Altruistic Actions Delayed Reciprocity
The simplest way to achieve Cooperation is to use Teams, but equal levels of Cooperation can be achieved by introducing Mutual Goals combined with Shared Rewards to players. The Mutual Goals, however, do not need to be the highest level goals in the game; that is, it is possible to have Competition and Conflict between the players as a high level goal and use Mutual Goals as subgoals for reaching the high level goal. One way of doing this is to introduce Collaborative Actions as the only way of performing aggressive actions - this design solution can be found in So Long Sucker and in practice is required to win in Diplomacy.
All Alliances, even Uncommitted Alliances ones, are based on Cooperation between the players. Even the lowest level of Alliance, agreeing not to hinder or harm the other player, is a form of Cooperation, as the players coordinate their actions, even though they might not be trying to achieve Mutual Goals.
Related to this is Cooperation based upon the idea of Delayed Reciprocity, that is some players help other players under the belief that they may later be helped in return.
Betrayal can be added to games with Cooperation to create Inherent Mistrust and Tension. This can either be voluntary action by players for personal gains or be forced upon some players by designating them as Traitors, as for example is done in Battlestar Galactica: The Board Game or Shadows over Camelot. Shared Resources gives players the opportunity for Cooperation in how to use the Resources but can have the same effects as Betrayal and both can easily introduce Conflict into the gameplay. Shared Resources also add the Social Dilemmas to the gameplay which Betrayal only does if not forced upon players (i.e. not instantiated through the use of Traitors).
Every mode of play where the players perform actions together for mutual benefit requires Cooperation from basic Collaborative Actions to Trading and even Bidding. The benefit does not have to be direct to all the cooperating players but there can be a time delay for the Individual Rewards as is described in Delayed Reciprocity.
Although Cooperation is most natural to consider for Multiplayer Games, it does not need to be limited to these - Public Interfaces makes it difficult to judge how many are actually providing input (an example of this can be found in the iPad version of Flight Control), and Non-Player Help allows people not playing a game to have Cooperation with those playing.
Consequences
Cooperation increases Social Interaction between the players, as they have to coordinate their actions in order to reach the goals of the game. Having, or having the possibility, to cooperate allows players to make use of Competence Areas and provides a form of Constructive Play as the coordination in itself is a common accomplishment. Cooperation is also the basis for having Social Organizations in a game, and when Shared Resources are used or Betrayal is possible Social Dilemmas are likely to occur. Different levels of Game-Induced Player Social Status may lead to spontaneous chains of command in Cooperation situations.
Games where Cooperation and Competition coexist give rise to more Complex Gameplay, and while it may increase the amount of Social Interaction it can also introduce Tension between the players. When there is a possibility of Betrayal for the cooperating players, this also tends to raise the Tension and sometimes lowers the motivation for Cooperation due to the Inherent Mistrust.
Relations
Can Instantiate
Constructive Play, Social Interaction, Social Organizations
with Competition
Inherent Mistrust, Social Dilemmas, Tension
with Traitors
Can Modulate
Competence Areas, Multiplayer Games
Can Be Instantiated By
Alliances, Altruistic Actions, Delayed Reciprocity, Non-Player Help, Public Interfaces, Teams, Uncommitted Alliances
Mutual Goals together with Shared Rewards
Can Be Modulated By
Betrayal, Game-Induced Player Social Status, Traitors
Possible Closure Effects
-
Potentially Conflicting With
History
A revised version of the pattern Cooperation that was part of the original collection in the book Patterns in Game Design[1].
References
- ↑ Björk, S. & Holopainen, J. (2004) Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media. ISBN1-58450-354-8.
