Arithmetic Progression

A linear relationship between the effort put into an action and its potential reward or risk.

Arithmetic Progression described the relation between the effort players put into some part of the game and what type of effect can arise from the action. These effect can either be positive, i.e. rewards for wanted outcomes of the actions, or negative, i.e. penalties if the actions fail for some reason.

See wikipedia for more information on arithmetic progression.

Examples

Unit construction in many strategy games have a linear relation between the numbers produced and its cost, e.g. each Longbowman in Age of Empires III costing 40 wood and 60 food (An exception can be found in the Hearts of Iron series which uses various modifiers through the version so that producing one unit can provide rebates on units produced afterwards).

Most board games that use action points to determine how much a player can do each turn have a direct translation between how many points are used on movement and how far one can move. This is for example true in Pandemic and Space Hulk. Puerto Rico makes use of an Arithmetic Progression to make action more desirable the longer since they have been used - for each turn an action card has not been used a bonus doubloon is placed on it and this is given to whomever first chooses the action.

Betting in gambling games often make use of Arithmetic Progression. In Texas Hold'em the potential win is directly related to how many others follow while in Roulette how much can be won is a fixed multiple based on how much is bet (and which type of bet).

Using the pattern

Implementing Arithmetic Progression is rather easy, the most demanding design choice related to it is actually if it should be used instead of Geometric Progression or Discontinuous Progression. The actual choices consist of what efforts should be related to what effects. The efforts most often are uses of Resources, but these do not have to be concrete Resources but can also be Budgeted Action Points or time invested in Extended Actions. The effects may either be Rewards or Penalties, or both. The relation needs to be based solely on one unit of whatever the effort consists of, for example adding a score of 1 for each time an action is done. This since if the effect depends on the number of units the progression will become a Geometric One, or, if the relation change depends on which unit in a sequence of units it is it will become a Discontinuous Progression.

When designing Arithmetic Progression the Investments they represent need to compared to the other ones possible Investments in the game. It is also possible to artificially limit the maximum possible amount used in single Investments or require minimum amounts to be invested to modulate the Risk/Reward choices that have to be made; even if these uses of Resource Caps (or Action Caps) and Event Thresholds can be seen as a form of Discontinuous Progression regard how the Investments can be made it does not change the fact that the changes on effects are arithmetic. Another way of modulating the Risk/Reward choices is to not make several identical Investments using arithmetic reward schemes possible at the same time by imposing Time Limits between such Investments (although this can negatively affect players' Freedom of Choice). It should be pointed out that when the type of Investment involved can be done many separate times in the game (as compared to only once), the use of Resource Caps and Time Limits may functionally become the same for players.

Since the consequences of Arithmetic Progression are more intuitive than other types of progression, they are often used in Betting situations, especially when players bet Resources against each other.

Consequences

Since Arithmetic Progression affect the relation between effort and effect, it can modulate Investments. By definition Arithmetic Progression make use of different ways of translating between effort and effect than Geometric Progression and Discontinuous Progression, and are thereby incompatible with each other.

Arithmetic Progression makes the planning of the Investments straightforward since there is an intuitive and easy to remember relation between how much Resources are used and the potential Rewards or Penalties, or in other words: they support Predictable Consequences. As Rewards can be claimed whenever without ruining the value of later Investments, Arithmetic Progression lets players do Investments in smaller chunks, thereby not requiring so great Risk/Reward choices (there nearly always is some risk - either due to a possibility of losing the Investments or not having put them in the most profitable option) and giving players a Freedom of Choice as well as encouraging Experimenting (compared to Geometric Progression). While the Value of Effort provide by Arithmetic Progression may not be as strong as for certain varieties of the other types of progression, its value is known in advance and may be a safer option.

Relations

Can Instantiate

Experimenting, Freedom of Choice, Predictable Consequences

Can Modulate

Betting, Extended Actions, Investments, Penalties, Resources, Rewards, Risk/Reward, Value of Effort

Can Be Instantiated By

-

Can Be Modulated By

Action Caps, Event Thresholds, Resource Caps, Time Limits

Possible Closure Effects

-

Potentially Conflicting With

Discontinuous Progression, Geometric Progression

History

A renamed and updated version of the pattern Arithmetic Rewards for Investments that was part of the original collection in the book Patterns in Game Design.

Acknowledgements

Jonas Linderoth