Spectators

People, possibly former, current, or future players, who observe the actions that players do in a game without being able to affect the game themselves.

This pattern is a still a stub.

Not all people who can observe the development of a game played are players. Those who cannot directly affect the game as a player are Spectators. While these do not experience gameplay directly, they can gain an experience from watching the game and can learn or prepare to play the game.

Examples

Chess

Example: players whose avatars are killed in Counterstrike have to wait until the next game begins before being able to play. Depending on the server, they may be able to watch as Spectators while they are waiting or can only view a scoreboard.

Example: most tournaments have spectators to the individual games that are played. This allows people participating in the tournament but not in the individual game to follow the gameplay as well as letting other interested people follow the whole tournament.

Anti-Examples

optional

Using the pattern

Spectators can either be people who will not be players at all in a game session at all or be used to give players information about the game while not playing or being able to act within it. In either case, they need to be provided with Public Information in order to be considered Spectators as they otherwise have no information about the game state. Players currently in the game can temporarily become Spectators by Ultra-Powerful Events or Turn Taking and Spectator can be used to instantiate Downtime as a form of Penalty. Late arriving players can be given a Game State Overview by being Spectators for a short period of time before joining the game while games which have Player Elimination and especially Early Elimination can use Spectators to allow the eliminated players to continue to follow the gameplay.

Spectators that never become players in a game instance can still affect the outcome of the game. The most common form is by encouraging or discouraging specific players or teams, but some games such as Who wants to be a Millionaire? let Spectators give players advice.

Can Be Instantiated By

Alternate Reality Gameplay, Downtime, Early Elimination, Extra-Game Actions, Extra-Game Broadcasting, Game State Overview, Gameplay Statistics, High Score Lists, Hotseating, Non-Player Help, Penalties, Permadeath, Pervasive Gameplay, Player Elimination, Public Information, Public Player Statistics, Replays, Tournaments, Turn Taking, Ubiquitous Gameplay, Ultra-Powerful Events

Can Be Modulated By

Agents, Meta Games, Multiplayer Games

Consequences

The use of Spectators in games allow players to show their Game Mastery and from this display gain Game-Based Social Statuses, especially when difficult or complex gameplay actions like Repeat Combos are required. Allowing people to be Spectators, as for example is common in Tournaments, make it possible for these people to gain Strategic Knowledge about the game and players may act as mentors through showing how to perform possible actions. This is possible even if games with no players, i.e. Zero-Player Games, since the Spectators can learn simply from observing what gameplay actions work in given situations.

When Spectators can communicate with the players, this allow for Social Interaction between, making it possible to have Social Interaction even in Single-Player Games. This may however also lead the Spectators trying to influence the development of the gameplay by giving advice and commands, i.e. by being Backseat Gamers.

The use of Spectators allows people that are not players in one game to be players in Meta Games based upon the game, e.g. Betting on the outcome.

While it can be argued that no game is being played unless somebody is performing gameplay actions, the use of Spectators can question this argument. Specifically, Zero-Player Games or games with No Direct Player Influence can be meaningful if Spectators (which may be players in the sense that they may have set up in advance the actions being done) are allowed to observe the gameplay as it unfolds.

Can Modulate

Late Arriving Players, Mules, Non-Player Characters,

Relations

Can Instantiate

Backseat Gamers, Betting, Game Mastery, Game-Based Social Statuses, Strategic Knowledge

with Repeat Combos

Game Mastery

with Single-Player Games

Social Interaction

with Zero-Player Games

Strategic Knowledge

Can Modulate

Late Arriving Players, Mules, Non-Player Characters, No Direct Player Influence, Zero-Player Games

Can Be Instantiated By

Alternate Reality Gameplay, Downtime, Early Elimination, Extra-Game Actions, Extra-Game Broadcasting, Game State Overview, Gameplay Statistics, High Score Lists, Hotseating, Non-Player Help, Penalties, Permadeath, Pervasive Gameplay, Player Elimination, Public Information, Public Player Statistics, Replays, Tournaments, Turn Taking, Ubiquitous Gameplay, Ultra-Powerful Events

Can Be Modulated By

Agents, Meta Games, Multiplayer Games

Possible Closure Effects

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Potentially Conflicting With

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History

An updated version of the pattern Spectators that was part of the original collection in the book Patterns in Game Design.

Acknowledgements

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