Difference between revisions of "Aim & Shoot"
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== Using the pattern == | == Using the pattern == | ||
| − | Making [[Aim & Shoot]] actions possible primarily depend on enabling players to complete [[Alignment]] goals of two points by | + | Making [[Aim & Shoot]] actions possible primarily depend on enabling players to complete [[Alignment]] goals of two points by having [[Line of Sight]]. For [[First-Person Views]] this is trivial, as one point is the player's view point unless either of the two points is moving. Somewhat more difficult are [[Third-Person Views]], as more movement of the player's [[Focus Loci]] is usually necessary. [[God Views]] are in most cases too difficult, as it is too hard to get the [[Spatial Engrossment]] required in order to line up the two points accurately. The possibility of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions can be restricted by requiring [[Tools]] or [[Weapons]], or the use of [[Resources]] such as [[Ammunition]]. The latter can introduce [[Tension]] to the activity and require [[Risk/Reward]] choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot. |
| − | The difficulty of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions can be due to the [[Movement]] either of the game elements aimed at or the game element aiming. For [[Agents]], the intentional [[Movement]] due to [[Traverse]] or [[Evade]] goals can make aiming at them more difficult. For [[Moveable Tiles]] or other game elements, the mechanical [[Movement]] due to [[The Show Must Go On]] can likewise make aiming more difficult. The aiming can be further complicated by the players' own [[Movement]] of their [[Focus Loci]] or by a swaying of the aim to simulate the difficulty of real-world aiming. [[Skills] and [[Tools]] can motivate | + | The difficulty of [[Aim & Shoot]] actions can be due to the [[Movement]] either of the game elements aimed at or the game element aiming. For [[Agents]], the intentional [[Movement]] due to [[Traverse]] or [[Evade]] goals can make aiming at them more difficult. For [[Moveable Tiles]] or other game elements, the mechanical [[Movement]] due to [[The Show Must Go On]] can likewise make aiming more difficult. The aiming can be further complicated by the players' own [[Movement]] of their [[Focus Loci]] or by a swaying of the aim to simulate the difficulty of real-world aiming. While performing [[No-Ops]] to slightly reduce the swaying is a common design feature, the use of [[Skills] and [[Tools]] can also motivate reducing the swaying; this instantiates the pattern [[Player/Character Skill Composites]]. In contrast, aiming can be made more difficult by introducing [[Tension]], for example through [[Competition]] or [[Time Limits]]. |
| − | + | The design of [[Game Worlds]] and [[Levels]] that makes players have a bad overview of the game state, for example the inclusions of [[Obstacles]], makes it difficult to [[Aim & Shoot]]. This means shots will not be well aimed and that potential targets likely are [[Surprises]] and they are in turn [[Surprises]] by being shot at. Other forms of [[Surprises]] likely cause a [[Disruption of Focused Attention]] for players and make players lose their aim. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
Although [[Aim & Shoot]] is often applied to [[Combat]] with the goals of [[Capture]] or [[Eliminate]] of [[Enemies]], other goals and reasons are possible. [[Delivery]] of game elements can be done by throwing or shooting the game elements to the receiver and [[Capture]] can be the capturing of information rather than game elements. Shooting spider webs, throwing grappling hooks (as done in [[The Legend of Zelda series]] and [[Just Cause 2]]), or even firing cannons with oneself inside it (e.g. the [[Super Mario series]]) can give explanations for how [[Privileged Movement]] can be performed by [[Aim & Shoot]]. | Although [[Aim & Shoot]] is often applied to [[Combat]] with the goals of [[Capture]] or [[Eliminate]] of [[Enemies]], other goals and reasons are possible. [[Delivery]] of game elements can be done by throwing or shooting the game elements to the receiver and [[Capture]] can be the capturing of information rather than game elements. Shooting spider webs, throwing grappling hooks (as done in [[The Legend of Zelda series]] and [[Just Cause 2]]), or even firing cannons with oneself inside it (e.g. the [[Super Mario series]]) can give explanations for how [[Privileged Movement]] can be performed by [[Aim & Shoot]]. | ||
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[[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] | [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] | ||
[[Freedom of Choice]] | [[Freedom of Choice]] | ||
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[[Avatars]] | [[Avatars]] | ||
Interestingly enough, most sports games due not make use of [[Aim & Shoot]] even though this is one of the primary activities in sports they simulate. The cause for this is probably the lack of overview of the game state that players would have if they had perspectives that allowed [[Aim & Shoot]]. | Interestingly enough, most sports games due not make use of [[Aim & Shoot]] even though this is one of the primary activities in sports they simulate. The cause for this is probably the lack of overview of the game state that players would have if they had perspectives that allowed [[Aim & Shoot]]. | ||
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| − | |||
[[Damage]] | [[Damage]] | ||
[[Game Element Removal]] | [[Game Element Removal]] | ||
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=== Interface Aspects === | === Interface Aspects === | ||
| − | + | Games with [[Aim & Shoot]] and [[First-Person Views]] very often have reticles in [[HUD Interfaces]] while those with [[Third-Person Views]] have some other kind of support for making players have [[Alignment]] with their targets. | |
| − | + | ||
== Consequences == | == Consequences == | ||
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=== Can Instantiate === | === Can Instantiate === | ||
[[Evade]] | [[Evade]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== with [[Obstacles]] ==== | ||
| + | [[Surprises]] | ||
==== with [[Skills]] or [[Tools]] ==== | ==== with [[Skills]] or [[Tools]] ==== | ||
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[[Line of Sight]], | [[Line of Sight]], | ||
[[Privileged Movement]] | [[Privileged Movement]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Tools]] | ||
| + | [[Weapons]], or the use of [[Resources]] such as [[Ammunition]]. The latter can introduce [[Tension]] to the activity and require [[Risk/Reward]] choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot. | ||
| + | |||
=== Can Be Modulated By === | === Can Be Modulated By === | ||
| + | [[Competition]], | ||
[[Evade]], | [[Evade]], | ||
[[First-Person Views]], | [[First-Person Views]], | ||
| + | [[HUD Interfaces]], | ||
[[Line-of-Sight]], | [[Line-of-Sight]], | ||
[[Moveable Tiles]], | [[Moveable Tiles]], | ||
[[Movement]], | [[Movement]], | ||
| + | [[No-Ops]], | ||
| + | [[Obstacles]], | ||
[[Third-Person Views]], | [[Third-Person Views]], | ||
| + | [[Time Limits]], | ||
[[Skills]], | [[Skills]], | ||
| + | [[Surprises]], | ||
| + | [[Tension]], | ||
[[Tools]], | [[Tools]], | ||
[[Traverse]] | [[Traverse]] | ||
Revision as of 22:48, 7 April 2011
The act of taking aim at something and then shooting at it.
Combat is a common occurrence in games, and then many times through players having to Aim & Shoot. However, one of the most natural ways of showing attention to something is to look or point at it, and the action of Aim & Shoot can be generalized to describe any action where one indicates what one wants to affect through pointing.
Examples
Aim & Shoot is more or less a defining trait in first-person shooters such as the Quake, Doom, Half-Life, Left 4 Dead, and Crysis series. It is also important in many other games with first-person views, e.g. the Deus Ex series and the Thief series as well as the latter installments of the Elder Scrolls series and the Fallout series.
Examples of non-violent applications of Aim & Shoot include taking photos in Dead Rising and Pokémon Snap, and using the grappling hook in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and Just Cause 2 (although the latter may be used to kill enemies even so).
The turn-based games Scorched Earth and the Worms series require players to aim their tanks and worms respectively before shooting, in some cases having to take into consideration wind effects.
Using the pattern
Making Aim & Shoot actions possible primarily depend on enabling players to complete Alignment goals of two points by having Line of Sight. For First-Person Views this is trivial, as one point is the player's view point unless either of the two points is moving. Somewhat more difficult are Third-Person Views, as more movement of the player's Focus Loci is usually necessary. God Views are in most cases too difficult, as it is too hard to get the Spatial Engrossment required in order to line up the two points accurately. The possibility of Aim & Shoot actions can be restricted by requiring Tools or Weapons, or the use of Resources such as Ammunition. The latter can introduce Tension to the activity and require Risk/Reward choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot.
The difficulty of Aim & Shoot actions can be due to the Movement either of the game elements aimed at or the game element aiming. For Agents, the intentional Movement due to Traverse or Evade goals can make aiming at them more difficult. For Moveable Tiles or other game elements, the mechanical Movement due to The Show Must Go On can likewise make aiming more difficult. The aiming can be further complicated by the players' own Movement of their Focus Loci or by a swaying of the aim to simulate the difficulty of real-world aiming. While performing No-Ops to slightly reduce the swaying is a common design feature, the use of [[Skills] and Tools can also motivate reducing the swaying; this instantiates the pattern Player/Character Skill Composites. In contrast, aiming can be made more difficult by introducing Tension, for example through Competition or Time Limits.
The design of Game Worlds and Levels that makes players have a bad overview of the game state, for example the inclusions of Obstacles, makes it difficult to Aim & Shoot. This means shots will not be well aimed and that potential targets likely are Surprises and they are in turn Surprises by being shot at. Other forms of Surprises likely cause a Disruption of Focused Attention for players and make players lose their aim.
Although Aim & Shoot is often applied to Combat with the goals of Capture or Eliminate of Enemies, other goals and reasons are possible. Delivery of game elements can be done by throwing or shooting the game elements to the receiver and Capture can be the capturing of information rather than game elements. Shooting spider webs, throwing grappling hooks (as done in The Legend of Zelda series and Just Cause 2), or even firing cannons with oneself inside it (e.g. the Super Mario series) can give explanations for how Privileged Movement can be performed by Aim & Shoot.
Aim & Shoot may most often be used in Real-Time Games but can be found in Turn-Based Games such as Scorched Earth, the Worms series, and the pool game Eight-ball. The pattern can also be said to occur in some war games (e.g. Warhammer 40K) where one first declares attacks and then checks if one has Line-of-Sight.
Exaggerated Perception of Influence
Freedom of Choice
Interestingly enough, most sports games due not make use of Aim & Shoot even though this is one of the primary activities in sports they simulate. The cause for this is probably the lack of overview of the game state that players would have if they had perspectives that allowed Aim & Shoot.
Interface Aspects
Games with Aim & Shoot and First-Person Views very often have reticles in HUD Interfaces while those with Third-Person Views have some other kind of support for making players have Alignment with their targets.
Consequences
Aim & Shoot requires Dexterity-Based Actions in Real-Time Games. This often also requires players to engage in Extended Actions and Timing, and when this is done from an Avatar's (or other game element's) point of view, Aim & Shoot promotes Spatial Engrossment. While less common in Turn-Based Games, the pattern promotes Puzzle Solving in these.
Aim & Shoot actions from Enemies naturally increase and present Evade goals.
Relations
Can Instantiate
with Obstacles
with Skills or Tools
Player/Character Skill Composites
with Real-Time Games
Extended Actions, Dexterity-Based Actions, Spatial Engrossment, Timing
with Turn-Based Games
Can Modulate
Can Be Instantiated By
Alignment, Capture, Delivery, Eliminate, Line of Sight, Privileged Movement
Tools Weapons, or the use of Resources such as Ammunition. The latter can introduce Tension to the activity and require Risk/Reward choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot.
Can Be Modulated By
Competition, Evade, First-Person Views, HUD Interfaces, Line-of-Sight, Moveable Tiles, Movement, No-Ops, Obstacles, Third-Person Views, Time Limits, Skills, Surprises, Tension, Tools, Traverse
Possible Closure Effects
Potentially Conflicting With
-
History
An updated version of the pattern Aim & Shoot that was part of the original collection in the book Patterns in Game Design[1].
References
- ↑ Björk, S. & Holopainen, J. (2004) Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media. ISBN1-58450-354-8.
