Aim & Shoot

The act of taking aim at something and then shooting at it.

Combat is a common occurrence in games, and then many times through players having to Aim & Shoot. However, one of the most natural ways of showing attention to something is to look or point at it, and the action of Aim & Shoot can be generalized to describe any action where one indicates what one wants to affect through pointing.

Examples

Aim & Shoot is more or less a defining trait in first-person shooters such as the Quake, Doom, Half-Life, Left 4 Dead, and Crysis series. It is also important in many other games with first-person views, e.g. the Deus Ex series and the Thief series as well as the latter installments of the Elder Scrolls series and the Fallout series.

Examples of non-violent applications of Aim & Shoot include taking photos in Dead Rising and Pokémon Snap, and using the grappling hook in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and Just Cause 2 (although the latter may be used to kill enemies even so).

The turn-based games Scorched Earth and the Worms series require players to aim their tanks and worms respectively before shooting, in some cases having to take into consideration wind effects.

Using the pattern

Making Aim & Shoot actions possible primarily depend on enabling players to complete Alignment goals of two points by a straight line. For First-Person Views this is trivial, as one point is the player's view point unless either of the two points is moving. Somewhat more difficult are Third-Person Views, as more movement of the player's Focus Loci is usually necessary. God Views are in most cases too difficult, as it is too hard to get the Spatial Engrossment required in order to line up the two points accurately.

The difficulty of Aim & Shoot actions can be due to the Movement either of the game elements aimed at or the game element aiming. For Units or Avatars, the intentional Movement due to Traverse or Evade goals can make aiming at them more difficult. For Moveable Tiles or other game elements, the mechanical Movement due to The Show Must Go On can likewise make aiming more difficult. The aiming can be further complicated by the players' own Movement of their Focus Loci or by a swaying of the aim to simulate the difficulty of real-world aiming.

Design of the Game World that makes players have a bad overview of the game state, for example the inclusions of Obstacles, makes it difficult to prepare for shooting. This means that potential targets likely are Surprises, and any shots will not be well aimed. Similarly, other forms of Surprises likely cause Disruption of Focused Attention events and make players lose their aim. Aiming can also be made more difficult by introducing Tension, for example through Competition or Time Limits.

The possibility of Aim & Shoot actions can be restricted by requiring Tools or the use of Resources. The latter can introduce Tension to the activity and require Risk/Reward choices between shooting now or waiting for a possible better situation to shoot.

Although Aim & Shoot is often applied to Combat with the goals of Capture or Eliminate, other goals and reasons are possible. Delivery of game elements can be done by throwing or shooting the game elements to the receiver and Capture can be the capturing of information rather than game elements. Shooting spider webs, throwing grappling hooks (as done in The Legend of Zelda series and Just Cause 2), or even firing cannons with oneself inside it (e.g. the Super Mario series) can give explanations for how Privileged Movement can be performed by Aim & Shoot.

Aim & Shoot may most often be used in Real-Time Games but can be found in Turn-Based Games such as Scorched Earth, the Worms series, and the pool game Eight-ball. The pattern can also be said to occur in some war games (e.g. Warhammer 40K) where one first declares attacks and then checks if one has Line-of-Sight.

Player/Character Skill Composites

Exaggerated Perception of Influence Enemies Freedom of Choice Capture No-Ops Line of Sight

Avatars

Interestingly enough, most sports games due not make use of Aim & Shoot even though this is one of the primary activities in sports they simulate. The cause for this is probably the lack of overview of the game state that players would have if they had perspectives that allowed Aim & Shoot.

Line-of-Sight

Damage Game Element Removal

Consequences

Aim & Shoot requires Dexterity-Based Actions in Real-Time Games. This often also requires players to engage in Extended Actions and Timing, and when this is done from an Avatar's (or other game element's) point of view, Aim & Shoot promotes Spatial Engrossment. While less common in Turn-Based Games the pattern there promotes Puzzle Solving.

Aim & Shoot actions from Enemies naturally increase and present Evade goals.

Relations

Can Instantiate

Evade

with Real-Time Games

Extended Actions, Dexterity-Based Actions, Spatial Engrossment, Timing

with Turn-Based Games

Puzzle Solving

Can Modulate

Combat

Can Be Instantiated By

Alignment, Capture, Delivery, Eliminate, Line of Sight, Privileged Movement

Can Be Modulated By

First-Person Views, Line-of-Sight, Third-Person Views

Possible Closure Effects

Damage, Game Element Removal

Potentially Conflicting With

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History

An updated version of the pattern Aim & Shoot that was part of the original collection in the book Patterns in Game Design.